Groundnut (Peanut)
Arachis hypogaea
About Groundnut (Peanut)
Groundnut is the world's fourth most important oilseed and a major source of protein, oil, and micronutrients for smallholder farming families across Africa and Asia. It is unique among legumes in that its pods develop underground (geocarpy). India, China, and Nigeria are the largest producers. In Africa, groundnut is a critical crop for women farmers, providing income, nutrition, and soil improvement through nitrogen fixation. Groundnut contains 48% oil, 26% protein, and is rich in niacin, folate, and vitamin E. Aflatoxin contamination from Aspergillus flavus is a major food safety concern, especially in stored groundnut.
Growing Conditions
Full sun — requires maximum light for pod development
400-600 mm per crop. Critical during pegging and pod filling. Drought during pod fill causes shriveled kernels.
Light, sandy to sandy loam with good drainage. pH 5.5-7.0. Calcium-rich soils produce better-filled pods.
Optimal 25-30°C. Growth slows below 18°C. Requires warm soil for germination.
Low to moderate during harvest and drying. High humidity promotes aflatoxin and leaf spot diseases.
Warm season — 90-150 days depending on type (Spanish 90-100, Virginia 120-150).
Step-by-Step Growing Tips
Plant early at the onset of rains to minimize rosette virus risk
Space at 45 × 15 cm (bunch types) or 60 × 15 cm (spreading types)
Apply gypsum (calcium sulfate) at pegging for improved pod fill
Weed thoroughly — groundnut is a poor competitor especially during pegging
Harvest when inner pod shell shows dark veining (maturity indicator)
Dry to 8% moisture within 3 days of harvest to prevent aflatoxin
Disease Risks to Watch
All diseases →Companion Planting
✅ Good Companions
Growing Zones
Frequently Asked Questions
When is the best time to plant Groundnut (Peanut)?
Warm season — 90-150 days depending on type (Spanish 90-100, Virginia 120-150).
What soil does Groundnut (Peanut) need?
Light, sandy to sandy loam with good drainage. pH 5.5-7.0. Calcium-rich soils produce better-filled pods.
How much water does Groundnut (Peanut) need?
400-600 mm per crop. Critical during pegging and pod filling. Drought during pod fill causes shriveled kernels.
What are the most common diseases affecting Groundnut (Peanut)?
The most common diseases are: groundnut rosette. Monitor regularly and practice crop rotation.
What plants grow well with Groundnut (Peanut)?
Good companions include: maize, sorghum, millet. Avoid planting near no specific plants.
Related Crops — Fabaceae
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