Rice
Oryza sativa
About Rice
Rice is the staple food for over half the world's population, providing more than 20% of global human calorie intake. Two major species are cultivated: Oryza sativa (Asian rice, grown worldwide) and O. glaberrima (African rice, grown in West Africa). Rice is typically grown in flooded paddies but can also be grown as upland (rainfed) crop. It is the most important food crop in Asia and increasingly important in sub-Saharan Africa where consumption is rising rapidly. Major producers include China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Vietnam. Rice production supports the livelihoods of over 1 billion people in Asia alone, making it arguably the most economically important crop on Earth.
Growing Conditions
Full sun — requires high light intensity for optimal tillering and grain fill
Very high water requirement. Paddy rice requires 1,200-2,000 mm per crop. Standing water (5-10 cm) maintained through most of the growing season.
Heavy clay or clay loam that holds water. pH 5.5-6.5. Puddled (saturated) soils ideal for lowland paddy.
Optimal 25-32°C. Sensitive to cold below 15°C (especially at flowering) and extreme heat above 35°C at anthesis.
Tolerates high humidity but this favors blast and sheath blight diseases.
Warm season — 90-180 days depending on variety. Tropical regions may grow 2-3 crops per year.
Step-by-Step Growing Tips
Prepare nursery beds 25-30 days before transplanting
Transplant 2-3 seedlings per hill at 20 × 20 cm spacing
Maintain 5-10 cm water depth from transplanting to 2 weeks before harvest
Apply nitrogen in 3 splits: basal, tillering, and panicle initiation
Drain fields 2 weeks before harvest to facilitate drying and harvesting
Use certified seed of recommended varieties for your region
Disease Risks to Watch
All diseases →Đạo ôn lúa do Magnaporthe oryzae gây ra, là bệnh lúa gây phá hoại nhất toàn cầu. Bệnh tạo ra vết bệnh xám hình thoi trên lá và có thể làm thối cổ bông, gây mất hạt hoàn toàn. Kiểm soát bằng giống kháng bệnh, bón đạm cân đối, bổ sung silic, và phun thuốc trừ nấm tricyclazole hoặc azoxystrobin khi lúa trổ đòng.
Bạc lá vi khuẩn lúa (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) gây ra vết bệnh vàng xanh ướt tiến triển từ đầu lá, khô thành xám trắng. Mất năng suất đạt 20-50%. Quản lý bằng giống kháng bệnh (gen Xa4, Xa21), đạm cân đối, tránh gây hại do ngập úng cho lá, và phun đồng. Giai đoạn kresek có thể giết chết hoàn toàn cây con.
Khô vằn bẹ lúa (Rhizoctonia solani) gây ra vết bệnh hình bầu dục xám xanh ướt trên bẹ lá to lên với tâm xám và viền nâu. Hạch nấm nổi trong nước ruộng và nhiễm bệnh tại mực nước. Quản lý bằng đạm vừa phải, tránh mật độ cây quá dày, thuốc trừ nấm validamycin hoặc azoxystrobin khi trổ đòng, và cày vùi sisa cây trồng sau thu hoạch.
Companion Planting
✅ Good Companions
Growing Zones
Frequently Asked Questions
When is the best time to plant Rice?
Warm season — 90-180 days depending on variety. Tropical regions may grow 2-3 crops per year.
What soil does Rice need?
Heavy clay or clay loam that holds water. pH 5.5-6.5. Puddled (saturated) soils ideal for lowland paddy.
How much water does Rice need?
Very high water requirement. Paddy rice requires 1,200-2,000 mm per crop. Standing water (5-10 cm) maintained through most of the growing season.
What are the most common diseases affecting Rice?
The most common diseases are: rice blast, rice bacterial leaf blight, rice sheath blight. Monitor regularly and practice crop rotation.
What plants grow well with Rice?
Good companions include: azolla, duckweed. Avoid planting near no specific plants.
Related Crops — Poaceae
Growing Rice? Protect It.
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